Common injuries & conditions

Lower back pain describes discomfort felt in the lumbar region between the bottom of the ribs and the top of the pelvis. It may remain in the back or spread into the buttock, hip or leg.

Back pain is very common and, in most cases, does not mean that the spine is seriously damaged. Symptoms may come from several sensitive structures, including the joints, muscles, ligaments, discs and nerves.

Lower back pain may appear to begin after lifting, twisting, exercising or spending a long time in one position. However, these movements are not always the sole cause. They may simply be the point at which pain begins after several contributing factors have gradually built up.

These factors may include:

• Poor or reduced-quality sleep.
• Increased stress.
• Inadequate nutrition or hydration.
• Fatigue and insufficient recovery.
• A sudden increase in physical activity.
• Repetitive lifting or bending.
• Reduced strength or physical conditioning.
• Staying in one position for prolonged periods.
• Previous episodes of back pain.
• Irritation or sensitivity involving a spinal joint, muscle, disc or nerve.

For example, bending or twisting may trigger pain on a particular day, but poor sleep, stress, fatigue and reduced recovery may have already made the back more sensitive beforehand.

Nerve-related pain from the lower back is common and usually settles. It may cause pain that travels from the back or buttock into the leg.

Possible signs include:

• Shooting or electric-shock-like pain.
• Pain travelling below the knee.
• Pins and needles or numbness.
• Weakness in the leg, ankle or foot.
• Leg pain that is stronger than the back pain.

Pain travelling into the leg is not always caused by a nerve. Muscles and joints can also refer pain into the buttock or thigh, so a physical assessment is important.

Sensitivity over damage. Pain does not always persist because tissue is still damaged. The nervous system can become more protective following an injury or repeated flare-ups.

The sensitivity cycle. Sleep difficulties, stress, worries about movement, reduced activity and loss of strength can all increase sensitivity. This can create a cycle in which pain leads to less movement, and reduced movement makes it harder to regain confidence and function.

Gradual recovery. Persistent pain often responds best to a gradual plan that helps you understand your symptoms, remain active and rebuild your tolerance to movement.

Your assessment will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical and active examination of your lower back, as well as the joints and muscles above and below your spine, as these areas can sometimes contribute to or maintain your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand the cause of your discomfort.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation and activity modifications to help you return to your normal activities and reach your goals.

Sciatica is a term used to describe symptoms caused by the irritation or compression of a nerve in the lower back.

Common symptoms include:

• Radiating pain that travels from the lower back through the buttock and down the back of the leg, sometimes reaching the calf, foot or toes.
• Neurological sensations such as pins and needles, numbness or weakness in the affected leg.

Sciatica is more likely when leg pain is a prominent symptom and follows the specific pathway of the nerve, particularly when accompanied by tingling, numbness, altered sensation or muscle weakness.

By contrast, non-nerve-related injuries are typically more focal, unlikely to travel below the knee, and are not associated with neurological symptoms.

Your assessment will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical and active examination of your lower back, hip and leg, along with the joints and muscles above and below, to identify where the nerve is being irritated.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand the cause of your symptoms.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation and activity modifications to help you return to your normal activities and reach your goals.

Neck pain may be felt anywhere from the base of the skull to the shoulders and upper back. It may develop suddenly, such as after an awkward movement, or gradually over time.

Most episodes of neck pain are not caused by serious damage. The symptoms can, however, significantly affect sleep, concentration, work, driving and exercise.

Common contributing factors include:

• Spending long periods in one position.
• A sudden increase in work, exercise or lifting.
• Sleeping in an unfamiliar position.
• Stress, fatigue or poor sleep.
• Reduced strength or movement.
• Irritation of the muscles or joints.
• Age-related changes in the neck.
• A previous injury, including whiplash.

Neck pain may involve:

• Aching or stiffness.
• Pain when turning or tilting the head.
• Muscle tightness around the neck and shoulders.
• Headaches beginning near the back of the head.
• Pain around the shoulder blade.
• Pain travelling into the arm.
• Pins and needles, numbness or weakness if a nerve is irritated.

The assessment and treatment process will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your symptoms and concerns.
• A physical examination of the neck, as well as the joints and muscles above and below it, such as the shoulders and upper back, to identify factors contributing to your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what treatment and rehabilitation will entail.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and professional advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you regain strength and mobility, and reach your goals.
• A gradual plan for returning to regular activity or sport.

• Disc prolapses and herniations.
• Facet joint irritation.
• Muscle and ligament sprains in the neck.
• Age-related changes in the neck (osteoarthritis).
• Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues.
• Neck sporting injuries.
• Whiplash.
• Cervicogenic headaches.
• Postural pain.

A cervicogenic headache is a headache associated with structures in or around the neck. Sensitive muscles and joints in the upper neck can refer pain into the head.

The headache may begin around the base of the skull before spreading towards the side or front of the head. Symptoms are often felt on one side, although this is not always the case.

Cervicogenic headaches are considered secondary headaches, because the symptoms are linked to the neck rather than beginning within the head itself.

• Neck pain or stiffness.
• Reduced neck movement.
• Pain triggered or aggravated by moving the neck.
• Tenderness at the top of the neck.
• A tight band, or throbbing pain, around the temple, forehead or behind the eye.
• Symptoms after remaining in one position for a long time.

Headaches are a common reason people seek care, but their causes, symptoms and intensity can differ greatly from person to person.

The assessment and treatment process will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your specific symptoms and concerns.
• A physical examination of the joints and muscles in the neck and shoulders; identifying restrictions in these areas can help pinpoint what is contributing to or maintaining your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what treatment and rehabilitation will entail.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you achieve your specific goals.

The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons that surround the shoulder joint.

These muscles help keep the ball of the shoulder centred in its socket. They also help you lift and rotate your arm during everyday activities such as dressing, reaching, carrying and exercising.

Rotator cuff-related pain can develop gradually or follow an injury. Symptoms may include:

• Pain when lifting the arm.
• Difficulty reaching overhead or behind the back.
• Pain when putting on a coat or fastening clothing.
• Discomfort when carrying or lifting.
• Weakness or reduced confidence using the arm.
• Pain at night, particularly when lying on the affected side.
• Clicking or a crackling sensation during movement.

Pain is commonly felt around the front or the side of the shoulder. This often occurs because the deltoid, the muscle on the side of the shoulder, takes on increased force to compensate for the rotator cuff. While the pain may travel down the outer upper arm, it does not usually extend into the hand.

Shoulder pain can also originate from the neck, joints or other structures. Numbness, pins and needles, or symptoms travelling into the hand may indicate that the nerves or neck require assessment.

Your assessment will consider the shoulder itself as well as the neck, upper back and shoulder blade.

The assessment will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical examination of your shoulder, as well as the joints and muscles above and below it, as these areas can often contribute to or maintain your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what may be causing your discomfort.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you return to your normal activities and reach your goals.

• Frozen shoulder.
• Adhesive capsulitis.
• Bursitis.
• Osteoarthritis.
• Tendinopathies.
• Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) pain.
• Chronic shoulder instability.

Tennis elbow is a painful condition affecting the tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the outside of the elbow. Its medical name is lateral elbow tendinopathy.

Despite its name, you do not have to play tennis to develop it. Symptoms may include:

• Pain or tenderness on the outside of the elbow.
• Pain when gripping, lifting or carrying.
• Discomfort when opening jars or turning a door handle.
• Pain when using a mouse, keyboard or hand tools.
• Reduced grip strength.

Tennis elbow commonly develops when the muscles and tendons of the forearm are repeatedly placed under more demand than they are used to, causing the tendon to struggle to adapt. It often follows a sudden increase in activity rather than one specific injury.

Activities that may contribute include:

• Racquet sports.
• Weight training.
• Repetitive gripping.
• Manual work or DIY.
• Gardening.
• Frequent computer or mouse use.
• Repeated lifting with the palm facing down.

Treatment begins by identifying which movements and activities are placing the greatest demand on your tendon. Your assessment will consider the elbow itself, as well as the wrist, shoulder and potentially the neck.

The assessment will include:

• A conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical examination of the elbow, wrist, shoulder and neck to identify how these areas may be contributing to or maintaining your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand the cause of your discomfort.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you reach your goals.

Tendons can take time to adapt, so consistent rehabilitation and sensible activity management are usually more helpful than complete long-term rest.

• Golfer’s elbow.
• Cubital tunnel syndrome.
• Olecranon bursitis.
• Osteoarthritis.
• Muscle and ligament strains and sprains.

The gluteal muscles are a group of three muscles located in the buttocks:

• Gluteus maximus.
• Gluteus medius.
• Gluteus minimus.

Their tendons attach these muscles to the pelvis and the upper part of the thigh bone, the femur.

The gluteal muscles are essential for movement and stability. They help:

• Move the hip.
• Support the pelvis.
• Control the leg when walking or running.
• Maintain balance when standing on one leg.
• Generate power when climbing stairs, jumping or sprinting.
• Control the position of the hip and knee during movement.

Gluteal tendinopathy occurs when one or more of the gluteal tendons become painful and less able to tolerate load. Pain is usually felt around the bony area on the outside of the hip and may spread down the outer thigh.

Symptoms may be aggravated by:

• Lying on the painful side.
• Crossing the legs.
• Walking for long periods.
• Climbing stairs or hills.
• Standing on one leg.
• Running or jumping.
• Getting up after sitting.
• A sudden increase in exercise.

The assessment and treatment process will include:

• A detailed conversation to understand your symptoms and concerns.
• A physical examination of the hip and the joints above and below it; identifying restrictions in these areas can help pinpoint what is contributing to or maintaining your pain.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what treatment and rehabilitation will entail.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you regain strength and mobility, and reach your goals.
• A gradual plan for returning to regular activity or sport.

• Labrum pathologies.
• Osteoarthritis.
• Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
• Bursitis around the hip joint.
• Tendinopathies around the hip.
• Muscle strains around the hip.

The menisci are two strong, C-shaped pieces of cartilage inside each knee. They sit between the thigh bone and shin bone, where they help distribute pressure, absorb force and support the stability of the knee.

You have an inner meniscus, known as the medial meniscus, and an outer meniscus, known as the lateral meniscus.

A meniscus can be injured when the knee twists while the foot remains planted. This may happen during sport, when changing direction, squatting or getting up awkwardly.

Meniscus pain can also develop gradually. As the tissue changes with age, it may become more sensitive during everyday activities, even when there has not been a clear injury.

Symptoms can include:

• Pain along the joint line of the knee.
• Clicking, catching or a feeling that the knee may give way.
• Pain along the inside or outside of the knee.
• Swelling or stiffness.
• Difficulty fully bending or straightening the knee.
• Pain when twisting, squatting or using stairs.

Some parts of the meniscus have a better blood supply than others. Areas with limited blood flow may take longer to heal.

Recovery also depends on the location and size of the injury, how it occurred, your general health and the demands placed on your knee. Many meniscus injuries can improve without surgery, but progress may be gradual.

Your assessment will consider your knee movement, strength and balance, and the way your hip, ankle and foot may interact with the knee.

The assessment will include:

• A conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical and active assessment of the knee, hip, spine, ankle and foot; identifying where there is restriction can help with rehabilitation of the knee.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what rehabilitation and treatment will entail.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you reach your goals.

• Osteoarthritis.
• ACL and PCL injuries.
• Patellofemoral pain syndrome.
• Hoffa’s fat pad syndrome.
• Runner’s knee.
• Bursitis around the knee.
• MCL, LCL and other ligament injuries.

An ankle sprain occurs when one or more of the ligaments supporting the ankle are overstretched or torn. Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect one bone to another and help control excessive movement at a joint.

The most common ankle sprain happens when the foot suddenly rolls inwards, straining the ligaments on the outside of the ankle. Common causes include:

• Landing awkwardly from a jump.
• Changing direction during sport.
• Stepping off a kerb.
• Walking or running on an uneven surface.
• Losing balance while wearing unsuitable footwear.

Symptoms vary depending on the severity of the sprain. Common signs include:

• Pain around the ankle.
• Swelling.
• Bruising.
• Difficulty walking.
• Reduced ankle movement.
• Tenderness around the outside of the foot.
• A feeling of weakness or instability.

In the early stages, your ankle may need protection and a temporary modification of painful activities. As symptoms improve, movement and loading can usually be gradually reintroduced.

Your assessment will consider the ankle itself, as well as the foot, knee and hip. It will include:

• A conversation to understand your symptoms, concerns and goals.
• A physical examination of the ankle, foot, knee and hip; identifying restrictions in these areas can help with rehabilitation of the injury.
• A clear explanation of the findings so you can better understand what treatment and rehabilitation will entail.
• Manual, hands-on treatment and tailored advice based on the assessment findings.
• Rehabilitation advice and activity modifications to help you regain strength and mobility, and reach your goals.
• A gradual plan for returning to regular activity or sport.